Descriptions:

Once the centre of the Islamic Caliphate, Syria covers an area that has seen invasions and occupations over the ages, from Romans and Mongols to Crusaders and Turks.

A country of fertile plains, high mountains and deserts, it is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Christians, Druze, Alawite Shia and Arab Sunnis, the last of whom make up a majority of the Muslim population.

Modern Syria gained its independence from France in 1946, but has lived through periods of political instability driven by the conflicting interests of these various groups.

Since 2011 political power, long held by a small mainly Alawite elite, has been contested in a bitter civil conflict initially sparked by the Arab Spring that turned into a complex war involving regional and international powers.

• The Syrian Arab Republic
• Capital: Damascus
• Population 21.1 million
• Area 185,180 sq km (71,498 sq miles)
• Major language Arabic
• Major religion Islam, Christianity
• Life expectancy 74 years (men), 78 years (women)
• Currency Syrian pound